1. Introduction. With the over-exploitation of high-grade nickel sulfide and increasingly mature smelting process of low-grade nickel laterite, the production of nickel products from nickel laterite ores has become the focus [[1], [2], [3]].Pyrometallurgical smelting processes are regarded as the mainstream methods to treat limonitic laterite, …
Currently, the relatively mature pyrometallurgical smelting processes to extract nickel from laterite mainly consist of the Rotary Kiln-Electric Furnace (RKEF) process and the sintering-blast ...
This contaminant can be diluted by adding the pellets in a crude ferronickel alloy, during production in smelting furnaces. This use of pellets rich in nickel can fill …
Nickel concentrates may be leached with sulfuric acid or ammonia, or they may be dried and smelted in flash and bath processes, as is the case with copper. Nickel requires higher smelting temperatures (in the range of …
for Nickel Pig Iron Production in China: A Review MINGJUN RAO,1 GUANGHUI LI,1,2 TAO JIANG,1 JUN LUO,1 ... problems during the sintering and smelting of lat-erite ore. As for the sintering of ...
The EHS Guidelines for Smelting & Refining cover information relevant to base metal smelting and refining of lead, zinc, copper, nickel, and aluminum. It does not include the mining and concentration of the raw materials, which is covered in the EHS Guidelines for Mining. Annex A contains a description of industry sector activities.
The mineralogy and sintering behavior of limonitic nickel laterite with high iron and low nickel and silica was studied to offer technical support for producing ferronickel through sintering-blast furnace route. The mineralogy results showed that the main phases in this kind of nickel laterite are goethite (FeO (OH)), gibbsite (Al (OH) 3) and ...
Primary world nickel production in 2020 was 2430.7 kt Ni; 69% (1677.7 kt) of them came from oxidized nickel ores (laterites) and 31% from sulfides. Production-wise, 87.7% of the 1677.7 kt came from pyrometallurgical and 12.3% from hydrometallurgical processes. …
Two-thirds of the global nickel output can be attributed to the rotary kiln-electric furnace process. Due to the high contents of MgO and SiO 2 in laterite, a high temperature (∼1600 °C) and corresponding energy (approximately 14 GJ/t-ferronickel) are required during the electric furnace smelting. This work verifies the feasibility of …
1. Introduction. Copper slag is a typical hazardous solid waste produced from the pyrometallurgical production of copper, which typically contains 0.5–2.7 wt% copper, 30–45 wt% iron and minor amounts of other valuable and environmentally harmful elements such as S, Co, Ni, Pb, Al, Zn and As [[1], [2], [3], [4]].In general, 2–3 tons of copper slag …
The balance of 2001 nickel production included 136 M ... This pelletising, sintering, and smelting operation located at Zapolyarny and its sister subsidiary, AO "Kombinat Severonickel" which accommodates some toll refining are dependent upon raw materials of ore and matte which are transported by sea. The Krasnoyarsk precious …
To produce desirable sinter products required by the blast furnace smelting process, sintering tests of ore mixtures made from a low grade South African chromite concentrate (Cr2O3/FeO = 1.99) and ...
Nickel production from smelting Australia 2011-2021. In 2021, Australia produced 102.7 thousand metric tons of nickel from smelting. This represented a decrease compared to the previous year.
Nickel pig iron is made of low-grade nickel ore, coking coal, and a mixture of gravel and sand as an aggregate. This mixture is heated in either a blast furnace or an electric arc furnace depending on the desired grade. Impurities are then removed via smelting and sintering processes and the resulting nickel pig iron contains four to 13 percent ...
The basic process steps for the Sm-Co-based magnets are shown in Fig. 6. 23 The general process consists of alloy preparation, powder production, particle alignment and pressing, sintering and heat treatment, machining, and finally magnetizing. Fig. 6. Basic process steps for the Sm-Co based magnets.
Using nickel slag, magnesium oxide, alumina, and silica as raw materials, cordierite ceramics were prepared by a solid-state reaction method. The effects of nickel slag addition to that of the cordierite, in the range of 5–20 wt.%, on the sintering property as well as the mechanical, thermal expansion, and dielectric properties were evaluated. …
Limonitic laterite contains low iron and nickel grades and much high smelting minerals and loss on ignition (LOI), identified as refractory iron ore for sintering. Thus, sinter pot tests of limonitic laterite via pressurized densification sintering and its intensification mechanism were conducted, and the industrial application prospect was …
The primary energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions from nickel smelting products have been assessed through case studies using a process model based on mass and energy balance. The required primary energy for producing nickel metal, nickel oxide, ferronickel, and nickel pig iron is 174 GJ/t alloy (174 GJ/t contained …
The aim of this research was to study the recycling process and the feasibility to smelt the spent nickel catalyst for the production of nickel alloy or ferronickel. The smelting process was carried out in a laboratory induction furnace. The effects of SiO2/CaO for slag forming on metal recovery and smelting time were investigated. Petroleum coke was …
Sintering and Melting Key Takeaways. Key points to remember about sintering and melting include: Sintering combines materials by heat and pressure, without melting involved. Melting combines particles by heating them till they liquify and combine as one material. Sintering can occur at low temperatures if enough pressure is applied.
Increase the efficiency of current production methods – especially the BF-BOF process, hydrogen injection in BF, as well as OBF. Maximize scrap usage and thus maximize recycling of steel. Switch to EAF smelting at an earliest opportunity. Optimize DRI-EAF process by switching to natural gas in the early period.
cant decrease in the production rate of sintering machines associated with the deterioration in agglomeration and . ... In blast-furnace smelting, the yield of low-sulfur (<0.02%) hot metal is ...
Materials Proceedings Free FullText The Nickel Production. WebPrimary world nickel production in 2020 was 2430.7 kt Ni 69% (1677.7 kt) of them came from oxidized nickel ores (laterites) and 31% from sulfides. Production-wise, 87.7% of the 1677.7 kt came from pyrometallurgical and 12.3% from hydrometallurgical processes.
However, the sintering performance of limonitic nickel laterite cannot meet the requirements for BF production because limonitic nickel laterite always possesses …
Iron processing - Smelting, Refining, Alloying: The primary objective of iron making is to release iron from chemical combination with oxygen, and, since the blast furnace is much the most efficient process, it receives the most attention here. Alternative methods known as direct reduction are used in over a score of countries, but less than 5 percent of iron …
The invention discloses a sintering process for preparing high-density tungsten ferro-nickel alloy. The sintering process comprises the following steps: (1) preparing materials: enabling content of W in tungsten powder to be larger than 99.95%, enabling content of Ni in nickel powder to be larger than 99.8%, and enabling content of Fe in iron ...
However, the sintering performance of limonitic nickel laterite cannot meet the requirements for BF production because limonitic nickel laterite always possesses abundant crystal water (> 15%), a low iron grade (< 50%), and a great deal of high smelting components such as Al 2 O 3, MgO, and Cr 2 O 3. 12, 13 The yield and …
To ensure the efficient and cleaner production of limonitic laterite sintering, it is urgent to provide alternatives to improve sintering output and quality and achieve CO 2 abatement simultaneously. As is well known, iron and steelmaking sector is an energy-intensive manufacturing process as well as a heavy emission source of greenhouse gas ...
Low‒nickel matte as the main intermediate product of nickel sulfide ore in traditional pyrometallurgical smelting, during this process, the valuable metals Ni, Cu, and Co have been enriched 6,7 ...
The best production index of ferronickel is obtained under optimized conditions as follows: smelting the pre-reduced lumps at 1525 °C for 45 min with a basicity of 0.60, MgO/SiO2 ratio of 0.30 ...
Metal production processes considered in the study Metal Feed Process Nickel Sulphide ore (2.3% Ni) Flash furnace smelting and Sherritt-Gordon refining Laterite ore (1.0% Ni) Pressure acid ...
of electric smelting furnace are built, and the cases in practice are employed to optimize them. Eventually, the computational software is developed to solve the physical fields and production condition of the electric furnace is improved. 6.1 Introduction Electric smelting furnace, also called submerged arc furnace or electric arc
