Keywords Bauxite residue · Red mud · Disposal · Utilization Introduction the first time, and along with it, the disposal of bauxite residue also arose [2]. Bauxite residue is an insoluble In the year 1887, a process of precipitation of pure product generated during the Bayer process of alumina Al(OH)3 from sodium aluminate solution by ...
The global stockpile of red mud is near 4 billion tons. This material is hazardous with pH values from 11 to 13. Reduction of this waste is critical. Current …
Red mud can be effectively used as the landfill cover material as 8% of sodium bentonite will reduce the permeability of red mud to the desired range. Disposal of red mud might lead to alkaline mine drainage and metal contamination of ground water. Red mud is usually disposed off in ponds. 4.5. Preparation of constructional materials
The global stockpile of red mud is near 4 billion tons. This material is hazardous with pH values from 11 to 13. Reduction of this waste is critical. Current industry practices for disposal of red mud involve different stockpiling techniques on valuable land area or disposing into critical bodies of water.
However, red mud is classified as less or non-hazardous residue for storage in most countries and the CAPEX and OPEX costs for red mud disposal are typically below $4-8/tonne. 6 Currently, the …
In sum, the use of red mud for water treatment is a representative example of "use waste to treat waste", with significance for the development and utilization of red …
The red mud disposal based on mineral paste production depends mainly on the efficiency of solid-liquid separation and water content in the thickened tailing. Pastes must contain at least 15% (w/w) solids with particle size below to 20 μm to reach the desired consistency, making the segregation process difficult ( Meggyes and Debreczeni, 2006 ...
Conventional disposal methods involve the construction of clay-lined dams or dykes, into which Red Mud is simply pumped and allowed to dry naturally. As an alternative, dry disposal, involving enhanced dewatering and evaporative drying is also used, whereas in a few occasions sea disposal takes place. Please see also the page on Disposal.
Disposal of red mud in China. Investigation of disposal data was obtained from 11 alumina plants (in operation or in construction). The total alumina capacity of these 11 plants is 12.858 million tonnes per year (Table 4), which is about 30% of national alumina capacity. The data gathered from the 11 plants was used to estimate the …
The disposal of red mud remains an environmental concern all around in the alumina- aluminium producing countries. With other process residues (Caustic soda, lime etc.) and impurities added up, the amount of red mud getting generated continuously is around 2-2.5 Tons per ton of alumina and twice that amount for every ton of …
Red mud (RM) is an industrial waste produced in large amounts during alumina extraction from bauxite. Its disposal generates serious environmental pollution due to high alkalinity. Therefore, a …
Red mud is an alkaline by-product produced by alumina plants. The accumulation of red mud is becoming an increasingly serious problem with the growth of the aluminum industry. Various waste treatment methods utilizing red mud as an environmental remediation material have been developed. Red mud environmental …
The disposal of red mud (RM), a waste material generated by the aluminum industry, remains a global environmental concern because of its high alkalinity and smaller particle size, which have the ...
19.1. Introduction. Red mud (RM) is a solid caustic waste or a by-product formed after the digestion of bauxite ore with sodium hydroxide in a solution of concentrated NaOH at 150–230°C under pressure in Bayer's process for the extraction of alumina (Kurniawan et al., 2006, Zhang et al., 2011).During the digestion process, aluminum …
Normally, there are three main technologies for red mud disposal to landfills, including wet processing, dry processing, and semi-dry processing [42]. In the wet processing, the red mud is first washed in a thickener to promote the sedimentation of the solids and obtain residue slurry with the solids content ranging between 15% and 30%.
This fact suggests that red mud disposal in these lagoons could be due by direct deposition or by breaking of red mud pipes. On the other hand, sediments from LC lagoon showed concentrations of red mud-associated elements (Fe, Al, Na, and Ca) higher than reference sediments (MS) but much lower than sediments from GUA and CAR. ...
Red mud is a solid waste of bauxite processing by Bayer process which involves caustic digestion of Al-containing mineral for alumina production. The global inventory of red mud waste reached an estimated amount of 4 billion tons in 2015, increasing at an approximate rate of 120 million tons per year. Therefore, its …
Red mud (RM), also called bauxite residue, is a strong alkaline industrial waste generated during the alumina production process. The annual production of RM in China is large, but its average utilization rate is low (only 4%). High generation and low consumption make the disposal of RM mainly by stockpiling, which has caused serious …
The insoluble product generated during bauxite digestion with sodium hydroxide at elevated temperature and pressure is known as 'bauxite residue' or 'red …
Managing red mud (RM), a solid waste byproduct of the alumina recovery process, is a serious ecological and environmental issue. With ~150 million tons/year of RM being generated globally, nearly 4.6 billion tons of RM are presently stored in vast waste reserves. RM can be a valuable resource of metals, minor elements, and rare earth …
pump the red mud cake with high solids content (55-60%) by means of specifi-cally designed positive displacements pumps. Considering the environmental aspects, and the land required for the pond, thickened slurry disposal system is modern method for red mud disposal and is being adopted by most of the projects being implemented.
RED MUD. Production; Characteristics; Disposal; Utilisation. Applications; Industrial uses; ... September 2, 2015 Comments Off on Red mud farming and more. Conference. Bauxite Residue Valorisation and Best Practices – BR2020. December 27, 2019 Leave a comment.
Red mud data mining (1) Worldwide bauxite and alumina production data for the years 1970–2019 were collected from the USGS website, 18,19 and the …
Disposal of red mud in China. Investigation of disposal data was obtained from 11 alumina plants (in operation or in construction). The total alumina capacity of …
The disposal of red mud may cause serious environmental pollution, such as dried and dusty red mud creating air pollution from the surface of the disposal area …
Abstract. Red mud is a by-product of alumina extraction from bauxite ore. It contains high quantities of alkali, minerals, and metal ions, which are typically pumped as thick slurry to a residue disposal area. Dry cake disposal is the most preferred technique for the disposal of red mud, which reduces the environmental impact.
The International Seminar on Bauxite Residue (red mud) recently finished in Goa, India and was a success. The seminar was held from 17 to 19 of October and was structured around 3 areas: characterization (co-ordination by Frank Feret, Rio Tinto Alcan, and Peter Smith, CSIRO), processing, storage and storage area rehabilitation (co …
This cluster is focused mainly on the final management and disposal of red mud. The violet cluster (5) has the lowest centrality and therefore the lowest bibliographic coupling, has the most relevant paper been the performed by Powe, G. et al. (2011) [56]"Bauxite residue issues: II. Options for residue utilization". Finally, there is the ...
Red mud with high alkalinity served as disposal catalyst for pyrolysis and gasification of coal. • Red mud could improve both tar quality during pyrolysis and char reactivity during gasification. • Light fraction in tar increased by 20.0% by use of red mud during coal pyrolysis. • The sodium in red mud was proved to migrate to the char ...
About 120 million tons of red mud is produced worldwide each year. Due to its high basicity and potential leaching, its storage is a critical environmental problem. This material is typically stored in dams, which demands prior care of the disposal area and includes monitoring and maintenance throughout its useful life. Consequently, it is …
Red mud accumulation has surpassed 4.6 billion tons, and the world's red mud stockpile is steadily expanding 2,3. Red mud is considered a significant …
Since the 1950s, scientists have carried out research projects that explore disposal and utilization of red mud, according to the unique physical and chemical properties of red mud, which can be divided into three categories. First, recovery of the useful component metals in red mud. Second, reuse of red mud as raw materials, …
Red mud (RM) is a by-product of extracting of alumina from bauxite. Red mud contains high quantities of alkali-generating minerals and metal ions, which can cause significant environmental damage. ... Wang, W. A facile disposal of bayer red mud based on selective flocculation desliming with organic humics. J. Hazard. Mater. 2016, 301, …
The evolution of disposal strategies for red mud residue has taken us from low density waste slurries to techniques for disposal of high-density slurries and now, high-solids filter press cakes. RIVER SEA DUMPING/MUD LAKES In the earliest cases, river and sea dumping was the normal practice. These waste slurries had low densities …
The Ajka red mud spill in western Hungary in October 2010 was the largest documented release of alumina industry by-products into the environment, with around 1 million m 3 of red mud suspension breaching the failed depository wall [].Although the circumstances surrounding the failure of the retaining wall of Cell X [] at the depository …
This would characterize the red mud as a potential industrial feedstock rather than an industrial waste. In addition, the red mud disposal and handling practices are costly. It is estimated that the red mud treatment generally costs around 5–9 US$ per ton of red mud, which is equivalent to 2% of the alumina value (Ujaczki et al., 2018).
the red mud disposal problem, the single step co-production of two highly valuable by-products (pig iron and mineral wool) has the potential to significantly increase the versatility and profit margin of the alumina producing industry. In this paper a thermodynamic model of the process is developed and verified both by small scale lab ...
Red mud samples shown at various stages of reduction during thermal testing in the FEECO Innovation Center. Depending on the source material and the intended process, a drying step is required prior to additional …
March 4, 2021, 4:11 pm. Hydro has developed and implemented a new method for the final disposal of bauxite residue (also known as red mud), which the company has been testing at its Mineração Paragominas bauxite mine in the northern state of Pará, Brazil. This pioneering technology, called Tailings Dry Backfill, replaces the need for raising ...
